Psychometric Properties, Factor Structure, and Validity of the Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward Scale in Children and Adults.

Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits identify children at high risk of antisocial behavior. A recent theoretical model proposed that CU traits arise from low sensitivity to threat and affiliation. To assess these dimensions, we developed the parent- and self-reported Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward Scale (STARS) and tested its psychometric properties, factor structure, and construct validity. Samples 1 (N =3 03; age 3-10; United States) and 2 (N = 854 age 5-9; Spain) were children and Sample 3 was 514 young adults (Mage = 19.89; United States). In Sample 1, differential item functioning and item response theory techniques were used to identify the best-performing items from a 64-item pool, resulting in 28 items that functioned equivalently across age and gender. Factor analysis indicated acceptable fit for the theorized two-factor structure with separate threat and affiliation factors in all three samples, which showed predictive validity in relation to CU traits in children and psychopathic traits in young adults.

Sexismo y tríada oscura de la personalidad en adolescentes: el rol mediador de la desconexión moral / Sexism and dark triad of personality on adolescents: the mediator role of moral disengagement

Resumen Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud indica que es necesario eliminar los valores, las actitudes y los estereotipos basados en el género que afectan la salud y el bienestar de las niñas y mujeres en el mundo. Desde la psicología de la personalidad, algunos trabajos científicos han demostrado que rasgos como la triada oscura de la personalidad (maquiavelismo, psicopatía y narcisismo) y la desconexión moral aumentan la susceptibilidad al sesgo de género, la amenaza y la agresión interpersonal. Como contribución al diseño de un perfil personológico propenso a aceptar y justificar las actitudes sexistas, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar el rol mediador de la desconexión moral entre la triada oscura de la personalidad y el sexismo ambivalente en adolescentes. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 803 adolescentes (M = 15.33, DT = 0.99; 50.3% chicos) tras utilizar un muestreo por conveniencia para realizar un análisis de la varianza y la comparación de varios modelos mediacionales a partir de la técnica de bootstrapping. Resultados: Los rasgos de la triada oscura de la personalidad se relacionan directa y significativamente con el sexismo hostil y benevolente de los/as adolescentes, y la desconexión moral tiene un efecto mediador importante en esta relación. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se discute cómo trabajar la desconexión moral para la transformación de estas creencias y actitudes de género que perpetúan la discriminación hacia las adolescentes en programas de prevención.

Abstract Introduction: The World Health Organization indicates that gender-based values, attitudes and stereotypes that affect the health and well-being of girls and women around the world need to be eliminated. From personality psychology, scientific studies have shown that traits such as the dark personality triad (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and moral disengagement increase susceptibility to gender bias, threat, and interpersonal aggression. As a contribution to the design of a personological profile prone to accept and justify sexist attitudes, the main aim of this paper was to study the mediating role of moral disengagement between the dark personality triad and ambivalent sexism in a sample of adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of 803 adolescents (M = 15.33, SD = 0.99; 50.3% boys) using convenience sampling to assess ambivalent sexism, dark personality triad and moral disengagement. An analysis of variance and comparison of various mediational models was carried out using the bootstrapping technique. Results: The dark personality triad traits are directly and significantly related to adolescents' hostile and benevolent sexism, and that moral disengagement has a relevant mediating effect on this relationship. Conclusions: Finally, the implications of these findings for the transformation of these gendered beliefs and attitudes that perpetuate discrimination against girls and women are discussed in relation with prevention programs.

Longitudinal Associations between Parental Support and Parental Knowledge on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Adolescents.

When testing longitudinal effects of parenting practices on adolescent adjustment, an integrated consideration of externalizing and internalizing behaviors is a gap in research. This study analyzed how parental support and parental knowledge directly and indirectly influence both antisocial behavior and emotional problems. The sample had 642 adolescents aged 12-15 (mean age = 12.49; 45.4% females) from Spain, who participated in a three-year long study. The results showed longitudinal bidirectional associations between parental support and parental knowledge. Only parental knowledge, however, directly predicted antisocial behavior and emotional problems. Parental support had an indirect effect on outcomes through the mediating effect of parental knowledge. This study has practical implications by indicating that increasing parental knowledge should be the target of educational-prevention programs.

Applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior for Predicting Alcohol Use in Spanish Early Adolescents.

According to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), intentions to perform a specific behavior are the result of attitudes, norms, and perceived control, and in turn, intentions and perceived control are the main predictors of the behavior. This study aimed to test the applicability of TPB in predicting alcohol use in normative pre-adolescents. The sample was composed of 755 Spanish adolescents aged 11 to 15 (M = 12.24; SD = 0.56), 47.1% females, from 12 state secondary schools in Spain. The results of path analysis indicate that positive attitudes towards alcohol, favorable norms towards alcohol, and offer vulnerability (perceived control) are significantly positively related to intentions to use alcohol as well as negatively related to actual behavioral control (i.e., actual strategies to avoid alcohol use). In turn, intentions to use and actual control predict higher alcohol frequency and heavy drinking. Significant indirect effects of these antecedents were found on alcohol outcomes through the mediation of intentions and actual control. The findings suggest that the validity and applicability of the TPB in normative pre-adolescents depend on the severity of alcohol use and point to a need to consider negative social influence in decision making processes in early adolescence.

Associations between Dark Triad and Ambivalent Sexism: Sex Differences among Adolescents.

The Dark Triad traits (DT; Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) have been repeatedly labeled as a constellation of traits that are characterized by a dishonest and self-focused approach to interpersonal relations. Personality psychologists suggest that these traits make some people more susceptible than others to intergroup bias, threat, and aggression. Thus, in order to delve into a psychological profile prone to accepting and justifying sexist attitudes, the aims of the current study were to analyze the presence of DT and sexist attitudes in a sample of 367 adolescents (Mage = 15.12, SD = 0.88; 50.1% males), find out the relationships that DT has with both hostile and benevolent sexism, and analyze the relevant differences between sexes in these relationships. The results indicated higher scores in DT and Ambivalent sexism for males. The correlations of Machiavellianism with psychopathy, and psychopathy with narcissism revealed significantly higher associations in males than females. The structural equation modeling of the bifactorial model, characterized by a global latent factor that encompasses the common characteristics of DT-along with the three specific factors of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism-showed that the global latent factor of DT was related to both hostile and benevolent sexism in males and females. Singularly, narcissism was related to benevolent sexism in males, and psychopathy was related to hostile sexism in females. Finally, this research discusses the implications of these results on the implementation of positive models of interpersonal relationships in adolescence towards dating violence prevention.

Testing the Effects of COVID-19 Confinement in Spanish Children: The Role of Parents' Distress, Emotional Problems and Specific Parenting.

The present study aimed to examine the effects of the Spanish confinement derived from the COVID-19 crisis on children and their families, accounting for child's age. A range of child negative (e.g., conduct problems) and positive outcomes (e.g., routine maintenance) were examined, along with a set of parent-related variables, including resilience, perceived distress, emotional problems, parenting distress and specific parenting practices (e.g., structured or avoidant parenting), which were modeled through path analysis to better understand child adjustment. Data were collected in April 2020, with information for the present study provided by 940 (89.6%) mothers, 102 (9.7%) fathers and 7 (0.7%) different caregivers, who informed on 1049 Spanish children (50.4% girls) aged 3 to 12 years (Mage = 7.29; SD = 2.39). The results suggested that, according to parents' information, most children did not show important changes in behavior, although some increasing rates were observed for both negative and positive outcomes. Child adjustment was influenced by a chain of effects, derived from parents' perceived distress and emotional response to the COVID-19 crisis, via parenting distress and specific parenting practices. While parenting distress in particular triggered child negative outcomes, specific parenting practices were more closely related to child positive outcomes. These findings may help to better inform, for potential future outbreaks, effective guidelines and prevention programs aimed at promoting the child's well-being in the family.

Emotion regulation skills in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: influences on specific parenting and child adjustment / Las habilidades de regulación emocional de los niños durante la pandemia del COVID-19: influencias sobre prácticas parentales específicas y el ajuste de los niños

Child emotion regulation (ER) skills and specific parenting practices during the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to influence children adjustment in these unprecedented times. On this assumption, we first aimed to examine the predictive value of ER skills in relation to diverse indicators of behavioral and socioemotional adjustment. Then, we tested whether some of these associations could be partially explained through the mediator role of the specific parenting practices displayed within the pandemic context. These hypotheses were tested considering the previous levels of child reactivity as a potential moderator of the examined relations. Using parent-reported data from a sample of 874 Galician children (49.6% girls) aged 5 to 9 (Mage = 7.09; SD= 1.04), multiple regression and mediation analyses were conducted. Robust associations between ER skills and diverse indicators of child adjusment were found. Moreover, it was found that specific parenting practices mediate the relation between child ER skills and specific behavioral outcomes (i.e., child routine maintenance). Thus, our findings highlight the importance of ER skills for child adjustment during the COVID-19 crisis, not only through direct, but also indirect effects, suggesting that the kind of parenting style that children receive during the pandemic conditions might be partially elicited by their individual characteristics

Las habilidades de regulación emocional (HRE) de los niños/as y las prácticas parentales específicas surgidas como consecuencia de los importantes cambios originados por la pandemia del COVID-19, podrían contribuir a su adaptación durante esta época sin precedentes. Bajo estas consideraciones, nos propusimos, en primer lugar, examinar el valor predictivo de las HRE en relación a diversos indicadores conductuales y socioemocionales de ajuste, para después estudiar si algunas de estas asociaciones podrían ser parcialmente explicadas a través del rol mediador de las prácticas parentales específicas desplegadas por los padres/madres en estas circunstancias. Contrastamos nuestras hipótesis considerando los niveles previos de reactividad del niño/a como moderadores de las relaciones analizadas. Usando los datos proporcionados por los padres/madres de 874 niños/as gallegos (49.6% niñas) de 5 a 9 años (Medad = 7.09; SD = 1.04), se llevaron a cabo múltiples análisis de regresión y mediación. Se encontraron asociaciones robustas entre las HRE y diversos indicadores de ajuste. Además, se encontró que prácticas parentales específicas median la relación entre las HRE y un tipo de consecuencias conductuales positivas (i.e., el mantenimiento de rutinas por parte de los niños/as). Nuestros resultados constatan, por tanto, la importancia de las HRE para la adaptación de los niños/as a las condiciones derivadas de la crisis, no solo por sus efectos directos, sino también por su influencia a través de efectos indirectos, que sugieren que el tipo de prácticas parentales que los niños/as reciben durante la pandemia, podría ser parcialmente elicitado por sus características personales

Children Coping, Contextual Risk and Their Interplay During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Spanish Case.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the lives of millions of people around the globe and some of the unprecedent emerged disruptions, are likely to have been particularly challenging for young children (e.g., school closures, social distancing measures, movement restrictions). Studying the impact of such extraordinary circumstances on their well-being is crucial to identify processes leading to risk and resilience. To better understand how Spanish children have adapted to the stressful disruptions resulting from the pandemic outbreak, we examined the effects of child coping and its interactions with contextual stressors (pandemic and family related) on child adjustment, incorporating in our analysis a developmental perspective. Data was collected in April 2020, through parent-reports, during the acute phase of the pandemic and, temporarily coinciding with the mandatory national quarantine period imposed by the Spanish Government. A sample of 1,123 Spanish children (50% girls) aged 3 to 12 (Mage = 7.26; SD = 2.39) participated in the study. Results showed differences in the use of specific strategies by children in different age groups (i.e., 3-6, 7-9 and 10-12-year-olds). Despite the uncontrollable nature of the pandemic-related stressors, child disengagement coping was distinctively associated to negative outcomes (i.e., higher levels of behavioral and emotional difficulties), whereas engagement coping predicted psychosocial adjustment across all age groups. Moreover, interactively with child coping, parent fear of the future and parent dispositional resilience appear as relevant contextual factors to predict both negative and positive outcomes, but their effects seem to be age dependent, suggesting a higher contextual vulnerability for younger children. These findings might have implications for identifying individual and contextual risk and informing potential preventive interventions aimed to reduce the impact of future pandemic outbreaks on children of different ages.

Desconexión moral y delincuencia juvenil severa: metaanálisis de su asociación / Moral disengagement and serious juvenile crime: a meta-analysis about its relationship

Resumen Numerosas investigaciones se han centrado en analizar los vínculos entre la desconexión moral y las conductas antisociales o delictivas en población juvenil, con variados resultados. Este estudio tiene como objetivo principal estimar la magnitud y dirección de la relación entre la desconexión moral y la delincuencia juvenil, así como analizar la influencia de una serie de variables moderadoras, para lo cual se empleó la técnica del metaanálisis. Se aplicó un modelo de efectos aleatorios para obtener el tamaño del efecto promedio y para explorar moderadores. Se obtuvo un total de 20 estudios primarios, con una muestra acumulada de 10061 individuos, y un tamaño de efecto resultante de r = .35 (p < .001). Se estableció un modelo predictivo con una única variable moderadora: el tipo de delito, mostrando que la importancia de la desconexión moral aumenta notablemente cuando se incrementa la gravedad del delito (r = .45, p < .001). Se concluye que la tendencia a la desconexión moral puede considerarse como un factor de riesgo relevante para la delincuencia juvenil y más relevante todavía en relación con delitos graves. Este resultado contribuye a consolidar a las dimensiones morales como un factor clave a considerar en el diseño de futuras investigaciones, así como en las estrategias de prevención e intervención de diferentes tipologías delictivas.

Abstract Several researches have focused on analyzing the links between moral disengagement and illegal behaviours in young population showing different results. The main aim of this review was to estimate the relationship between moral disengagement and juvenile delinquency, as well as to analyze the influence of certain moderating variables. A random effects model was used in the meta-analytic review in order to settle the average effect magnitude and obtain the moderating effects of demographic and methodological variables. A total of 20 independent studies were obtained involving 10061 youths. Moral disengagement has been found to be associated with juvenile delinquency (r = .35, p < .001). Concurrently, the effect magnitude increases as it does the seriousness of the crime (r = .45, p < .001) which settles the type of crime as a significant moderator. In conclusion, moral disengagement and severe juvenile crime share a powerful relationship, which stablishes the moral disengagement as a relevant risk factor for the juvenile delinquency. This result suggests that the moral dimension is a key factor to take into account in the design of future research, as well as accomplishing prevention and intervention strategies for different types of crime.

Identifying Risk Profiles for Antisocial Behavior in a Spanish Sample of Young Offenders.

One of the main purposes of juvenile risk assessment is to distinguish different risk profiles, which may lead to referring youths into specific intervention programs tailored to their specific needs. This study is devoted to identifying main typologies of risk in a sample of 286 Spanish young offenders aged 14 to 22 (M = 17.36; SD = 1.61) years. Participants were classified into different profiles, representing different levels of risk in terms of individual and psychosocial dynamic variables. A three-class (low-, middle-, and high-risk profiles) and a four-class (low-, middle-, high-risk family problems/callous-unemotional (CU) traits, and high-risk impulsive/undercontrolled) solutions were identified. These profiles showed their distinctiveness and meaningfulness in a set of comparisons on antisocial behavior and prior offenses measures. These findings highlight the presence of diverse patterns of risk and suggest that a limited number of specialized interventions may respond to the main needs of most institutionalized youths.

Moral reasoning in adolescent offenders: A meta-analytic review / Razonamiento moral en adolescents infractores: una revisión sistemática

BACKGROUND: Moral reasoning and its association with various types of behavior have been the subject of many studies in Psychology. Specifically, moral reasoning has been widely related to juvenile delinquency in the research about the subject. OBJECTIVES: this review integrates more than 70 years of scientific research into the differences in moral reasoning between adolescent offenders and non-offenders with a view to elucidating the relationship between moral reasoning and juvenile delinquency with provision for the potential moderating effect of demographic and methodological variables. METHOD: We conducted a meta-analytic review whose target population was young offenders between 11 and 20 years old. RESULTS: A search for literature on the target topic retrieved a total of 72 studies with a moderated effect size (r = -.336). The most salient finding was that effect sizes were significant for all subgroups of moderating variables. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests a powerful relationship between moral reasoning and officially recorded juvenile delinquency that cannot be exclusively ascribed to sociodemographic or methodological variables. There remain some unsolved challenges in this field, however, which are briefly commented on

ANTECEDENTES: el estudio de la asociación entre razonamiento moral y diversos comportamientos ha ocupado numerosos estudios en Psicología. Específicamente, el razonamiento moral ha sido ampliamente relacionado con la delincuencia juvenil a lo largo de dichas investigaciones. OBJETIVOS: este estudio pretende integrar más de 70 años de producción científica acerca de la búsqueda de sus iguales no infractores en razonamiento moral entre menores infractores y teniendo en cuenta el posible poder moderador tanto de variables demográficas como metodológicas. MÉTODO: se lleva a cabo una revisión meta-analítica cuya población objetivo fue menores infractores entre 11 y 20 años. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo una muestra de 72 estudios, obteniendo un tamaño de efecto moderado de r= -.336. Se observa que los tamaños de efecto para los subgrupos que conforman las variables moderadoras son significativos. CONCLUSIÓN: este resultado sugiere que la relación entre razonamiento moral y delincuencia juvenil es potente y no solo atribuible a características metodológicas o sociodemográficas de la muestra. Se finaliza con una reflexión sobre algunos retos pendientes en este campo

Gender Differences in the Influence of Parenting on Youth Antisocial Behavior through Deviant Peers.

The aim of this study was to assess gender differences in direct and indirect effects of parental knowledge, family support, family conflict, and deviant peers on violent and nonviolent antisocial behavior among youngsters. The total sample was composed of 584 young people, 274 males and 310 females, aged 14 to 20 from High Schools of Galicia (NW Spain). The variables were assessed with different scales of the protocol Valoración del Riesgo en Adolescentes Infractores [Juvenile Offender's Risk Assessment]. Several structural equation models were conducted to clarify the relationships between these variables for males and females. The results showed a better fit for the mediated model. Significant direct effects were found for parental knowledge (ß = -.35, p < .01, males; ß = -.16, p < .05, females) and parental support (ß = .26, p < .05, males) on nonviolent behavior. Significant direct effects were also found for parental knowledge (ß = -.36, p < .05, males; ß = -.42, p < .05, females) and parental support (ß = .32, p < .05, males; ß = .24, p < .05, females) on violent behavior. Not significant direct effects were found for family conflict. Moreover, significant indirect effects through deviant peers were found for knowledge (ß = -.23, p < .01, males; ß = -.21, p < .01, females), support (ß = .20, p < .05, males; ß = .21, p < .05, females), and conflict (ß = .28, p < .01, males; ß = .26, p < .05, females) on nonviolent behavior, as well as for knowledge (ß = -.20, p < .01, males; ß = -.10, p < .01, females), support (ß = .18, p < .01, males; ß = .10, p < .01, females), and conflict (ß = .24, p < .05, males; ß = .12, p < .01, females) on violent behavior. Thus, significant gender differences were found, specifically in the direct effects of family support on nonviolent antisocial behavior. The implications of these results for prevention of antisocial behaviors in youth based on gender differences are discussed.

Effects of parenting practices through deviant peers on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours in middle- and late-adolescence / Los efectos de las prácticas parentales a través de compañeros desviados en los comportamientos antisociales no violentes y violentos en la adolescencia media y tardía

The aim of the current study was to analyse in two age cohorts the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices (i.e., parental knowledge, parental support, parent-adolescent conflict) through deviant peers on youth antisocial behaviour (i.e., nonviolent antisocial behaviour, violent behaviour). The final sample was subdivided in a younger group (n = 377), aged 14 to 16 (M = 15.27, SD = 0.72), 45.9% males, and an older group (n = 206), aged 17 to 19 (M = 17.30, SD = 0.54), 48.5% males. The structural equation modelling results indicated significant mediation effects for both age cohorts. Family factors presented more influence for younger adolescents, whereas deviant peers showed more influence for older adolescents. The findings also indicated the reciprocal influence of selection and socialisation processes suggesting the need of early interventions for preventing the development of antisocial behaviour (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar en dos grupos de edad la presencia de los efectos de mediación de las prácticas parentales (es decir, el conocimiento y el apoyo parentales y el conflicto padresadolescente) por medio de compañeros desviados en el comportamiento antisocial de los jóvenes (es decir, comportamiento antisocial no violento y el comportamiento violento). La muestra final se dividió en un grupo más joven (n = 377), con edades entre 14 y 16 años (M = 15.27, DT = 0.72), el 45.9% de los cuales eran varones, y un grupo más mayor (n = 206), de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 19 años (M = 17.30, DT = 0.54), el 48.5% varones. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales indicaban que había efectos mediadores para ambos grupos de edad. Los factores familiares influían más en los adolescentes más jóvenes mientras que los compañeros desviados influían más en los adolescentes mayores. Los resultados también pusieron de manifiesto la influencia recíproca de los procesos de selección y socialización, lo que indicaba la necesidad de intervenciones tempranas con el fin de evitar que se desarrollara el comportamiento antisocial (AU)

Gender differences in the influence of parenting on youth antisocial behavior through deviant peers

The aim of this study was to assess gender differences in direct and indirect effects of parental knowledge, family support, family conflict, and deviant peers on violent and nonviolent antisocial behavior among youngsters. The total sample was composed of 584 young people, 274 males and 310 females, aged 14 to 20 from High Schools of Galicia (NW Spain). The variables were assessed with different scales of the protocol Valoración del Riesgo en Adolescentes Infractores [Juvenile Offender’s Risk Assessment]. Several structural equation models were conducted to clarify the relationships between these variables for males and females. The results showed a better fit for the mediated model. Significant direct effects were found for parental knowledge (β = -.35, p < .01, males; β = -.16, p < .05, females) and parental support (β = .26, p < .05, males) on nonviolent behavior. Significant direct effects were also found for parental knowledge (β = -.36, p < .05, males; β = -.42, p < .05, females) and parental support (β = .32, p < .05, males; β = .24, p < .05, females) on violent behavior. Not significant direct effects were found for family conflict. Moreover, significant indirect effects through deviant peers were found for knowledge (β = -.23, p < .01, males; β = -.21, p < .01, females), support (β = .20, p < .05, males; β = .21, p < .05, females), and conflict (β = .28, p < .01, males; β = .26, p < .05, females) on nonviolent behavior, as well as for knowledge (β = -.20, p < .01, males; β = -.10, p < .01, females), support (β = .18, p < .01, males; β = .10, p < .01, females), and conflict (β = .24, p < .05, males; β = .12, p < .01, females) on violent behavior. Thus, significant gender differences were found, specifically in the direct effects of family support on nonviolent antisocial behavior. The implications of these results for prevention of antisocial behaviors in youth based on gender differences are discussed (AU)

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Psychopathic traits mediate the effects of neighbourhood risk on juvenile antisocial behaviour / Los rasgos psicopáticos median el efecto de la marginalidad social en la conducta antisocial juvenil

BACKGROUND: Research of the indirect effects of neighbourhood risk through psychopathic personality traits (i.e., impulsiveness, narcissism and callous-unemotional traits) on juvenile antisocial behaviour has become relevant. METHODS: In the current study, mediation effects were assessed using a sample composed of 406 young people between 14 and 21 years old, 82.7% males, from juvenile centres in Galicia and Andalucía (Spain). RESULTS: The results showed significant mediation effects of neighbourhood risk on antisocial behaviour through impulsiveness and callous-unemotional traits. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of the mediation effects for prevention, risk assessment, and risk management in juvenile offenders are discussed

ANTECEDENTES: el estudio de los efectos indirectos de la marginalidad social a través de los rasgos de personalidad psicopática (i.e., impulsividad, narcisismo y dureza-insensibilidad emocional) sobre el comportamiento antisocial juvenil ha cobrado gran relevancia. MÉTODO: en este estudio se analizan los efectos de mediación utilizando una muestra compuesta por 406 jóvenes de entre 14 y 21 años, el 82,7% hombres, de centros de menores en Galicia y Andalucía (España). RESULTADOS: los resultados mostraron efectos de mediación significativos de la marginalidad sobre el comportamiento antisocial a través de la impulsividad y la dureza-insensibilidad emocional. CONCLUSIONES: se discuten las implicaciones de los efectos de mediación para la prevención, evaluación y gestión del riesgo en jóvenes infractores

Peer-group mediation in the relationship between family and juvenile antisocial behavior / Mediación del grupo de amigos en la relación entre familia y comportamiento antisocial juvenil

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the variables related to family functioning (parental monitoring, family support, and family conflict) on juvenile antisocial behavior either directly or indirectly through the choice of deviant friends. Thus, the sample consisted of 764 adolescents from the Autonomous Community of Galicia (Spain), from juvenile offender centres (mean age = 17.12, 87.4% males) and students from local schools (mean age = 16.06, 45.5% males). The scales of Valoración del Riesgo en Adolescentes Infractores [Juvenile Offenders Risk Assessment] on parental monitoring, family conflict, family support, antisocial peer group, and antisocial behavior, were applied. The results of structural equation modelling showed a better fit of the mediation model. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention, risk assessment, and management of juvenile offenders (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido medir los efectos de las variables relativas al funcionamiento familiar (supervisión, apoyo y conflicto familiares) en el comportamiento antisocial juvenil, ya sea directamente o indirectamente a través de la elección de amigos desviados. La muestra constaba de 764 adolescentes de la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia, de centros de menores en conflicto (media de edad de 17.12 años, el 87.4% varones) y de alumnos de centros escolares (media de edad de 16.06, el 45.5% varones). Se les aplicó las escalas de Valoración del Riesgo en Adolescentes Infractores (VRAI) que miden supervisión parental, conflicto familiar, apoyo familiar, grupo de amigos antisociales y comportamiento antisocial. La comparación de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales muestran un mejor ajuste para el modelo de mediación. Se comentan los resultados en cuanto a sus implicaciones para la prevención, evaluación y gestión del riesgo en jóvenes infractores (AU)

Potential determinants of drink driving in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: The main purposes of this study were to examine the usefulness of the variables of the theory of planned behavior (viz. attitudes, social norms, and self-efficacy) and to explore the relationship between optimism bias and drink driving in young adults. In addition, we explored gender differences in drink driving with provision for the effect of variables such as driving frequency and alcohol consumption. METHODS: Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to 274 drivers (59.9% females) aged 18-30 years (24.36 ± 2.96). RESULTS: The results obtained with provision for driving frequency revealed substantial differences in driving behaviors between genders. Thus, males were more prone to drink driving, perceived less disapproval by their significant others (parents and peers), and felt less able to avoid drinking-and-driving situations. In addition, they self-reported more frequent alcohol consumption and driving under the influence. The results also confirm the significance of peers' subjective norms and attitudes to drink driving in males. Overconfidence in their own driving skills for driving drunk and perceived behavioral control were found to be significant predictors for drink driving in females. Optimism bias also played a slightly significant role in predicting drink driving but only in females. CONCLUSIONS: The important practical implications of these results with a view to designing effective interventions to prevent the risks associated with drink driving in the young population are discussed. Interventions should focus on young people's perceptions of group norms and promoting cautionary driving choices and alternatives to drink driving.

Búsqueda de sensaciones y consumo de alcohol: El papel mediador de la percepción de riesgos y beneficios / Sensation seeking and alcohol use: The mediating role of perceived risks and benefits

La búsqueda de sensaciones es una de las variables de personalidad más estrechamente ligadas con la adopción de distintas conductas de riesgo, especialmente el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas. Además, la búsqueda de sensaciones influye en la valoración que los individuos realizan sobre los riesgos y sus posibles consecuencias. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la búsqueda de sensaciones y el consumo de alcohol en una muestra de 356 jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 30 años. Además, hemos querido explorar el posible efecto mediador de las percepciones sesgadas de los individuos sobre los posibles riesgos y beneficios asociados al alcohol en la relación entre la personalidad y el abuso de alcohol. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la importancia de la búsqueda de sensaciones en la explicación del consumo abusivo de alcohol de los jóvenes y el papel mediador de las percepciones de riesgos y beneficios en la explicación de dicha relación. En la discusión del trabajo se analizan sus importantes implicaciones prácticas a la hora de diseñar intervenciones específicas dirigidas a prevenir los riesgos asociados al abuso de alcohol en jóvenes

Sensation seeking is one of personality variables more closely linked to the adoption of different risk behaviors, especially the use of alcohol and other drugs. In addition, sensation seeking influences valuation made by individuals about the risks and their possible consequences. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between sensation seeking and the consumption of alcohol in a sample of 356 young people aged between 18 and 25 years. In addition, we wanted to explore the possible effect mediator of biased perceptions of individuals about the potential risks and benefits associated with alcohol in the relationship between the personality and alcohol consumption. The results confirm the importance of sensation seeking in the explanation of the consumption of alcohol among young people and the mediating role of perceptions of risks and benefits in the explanation of the relationship. In the discussion of the work discussed their important practical implications when designing specific interventions aimed at preventing the risks associated with the consumption of alcohol in young people

Sensation seeking and drunk driving: the mediational role of social norms and self-efficacy.

The aim of this work was to examine the role of sensation seeking in drunk driving by youths, and the potential mediational effect of social, cognitive and emotional variables on their relationship. To this end, a survey was conducted on 274 drivers (164 females and 110 males) aged 24.36±2.96 years (range 18-30 years). The results obtained confirm the significance of sensation seeking to drunk driving by youths and the mediating role of biased self-efficacy perceptions in their relationship. The important practical implications of this finding on the development of effective interventions to prevent the risks of drunk driving in youths are discussed.

Riesgo y protección de desviación social en adolescentes inmigrantes: Personalidad, familia y aculturación / Risk and protection for social deviation in immigrant adolescents: Personality, family, and acculturation

En este trabajo se analizan los niveles de conducta antisocial en adolescentes inmigrantes latinoamericanos, residentes en España, integrando tales resultados en un marco explicativo amplio, definido por las interrelaciones de las estrategias de aculturación prevalentes con algunas variables de personalidad y con evaluaciones del funcionamiento familiar. Nuestros resultados alertan acerca de la configuración de ciertas situaciones de especial riesgo (y, alternativamente, particularmente protectoras) en términos de desviación social en tales sujetos: concretamente, un estilo de separación asociado con bajos niveles de empatía cognitiva y afectiva, pobre autocontrol, escasa supervisión parental, baja adaptabilidad y cohesión familiar. Se atiende a las diferencias de sexo/género en todas las variables evaluadas. Se discuten los resultados desde un punto de vista psicosocial, al tiempo que se aboga por prácticas facilitadoras de patrones de integración flexible y bidireccional de inmigrantes, solo posibles cuando la sociedad receptora privilegie unas actitudes de aculturación contrarias al etnocentrismo, al prejuicio, la discriminación y la xenofobia. A lo largo del texto se argumenta acerca de los peligros que pueden acarrear ciertas aproximaciones que parecerían sostener la responsabilidad exclusiva del inmigrante en el éxito adaptativo de su experiencia migratoria (AU)

This study analyzes levels of antisocial behavior in Latino immigrant adolescents who are living in Spain. The results are integrated within a wide explanatory framework, defined by the relationships between acculturation strategies and personality variables and family functioning. The results allow us to underline configurations of high risk (and, alternatively, strongly protective) in terms of social deviation: particularly, a separation style linked to low cognitive and affective empathy, poor self-control, low parent supervision, low family adaptability and cohesion. Differences of sex/gender are considered for all the assessed variables. The results are discussed from a psychosocial viewpoint, suggesting the need of promoting patterns of bidirectional flexible integration for immigrants. These patterns would only be feasible when the receiving society favors acculturation attitudes contrary to ethnocentrism, prejudice, discrimination and xenophobia. Throughout the article, the dangers of approaches that hold immigrants exclusively responsible for their adaptive success are pointed out (AU)